A neonate with fetal alcohol syndrome may exhibit which of the following abnormalities?

The presence of cognitive impairment and facial anomalies in a neonate with fetal alcohol syndrome is well-documented and aligns with the characteristics of the syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) results from prenatal exposure to alcohol, leading to a spectrum of physical and neurodevelopmental effects.

Cognitive impairment is one of the hallmark features of FAS, as neurodevelopment is critically influenced by the teratogenic effects of alcohol. This impairment can range from mild learning difficulties to significant intellectual disabilities.

Facial anomalies are also a major diagnostic criterion for fetal alcohol syndrome. These may include distinctive features such as smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and small palpebral fissures. These physical characteristics reflect the teratogenic impact of alcohol on facial development during critical periods of embryogenesis.

While the other choices describe serious medical conditions, they are not associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alveolar collapse and flail chest relate more to respiratory issues typically seen in severe lung conditions or trauma, incompetent semilunar valves refer to cardiac defects not linked specifically to alcohol exposure during fetal development, and esophageal stricture or short gut syndrome are gastrointestinal issues that are not specific outcomes of fetal alcohol exposure. Thus, the most accurate representation of the potential abnormalities exhibited by