To effectively assess memory and learning ability, which question should be asked?

The chosen option effectively assesses both short-term memory and attention. Asking the individual to repeat a list of words, such as 'cup, book, highlighter, pencil,' requires immediate recall, which reflects the functionality of working memory. This type of assessment is particularly useful as it not only tests the individual's ability to process and retain information but also helps evaluate their phonological loop, a component of the working memory model.

In contrast, the other options focus on different aspects of memory and learning. Asking about the year of birth assesses long-term memory but does not provide insight into current cognitive function. Questions about what the individual did yesterday tap into episodic memory, which involves recalling specific events from one's life. Finally, the request to repeat a different list of words ('choose, lose, crews, snooze') might seem similar but potentially tests a different aspect of phonological processing, making the first option the most effective for evaluating immediate recall and learning ability in a clinical assessment context.