Which condition is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to high blood glucose levels?

The condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to high blood glucose levels is Diabetes Mellitus. In this condition, elevated blood glucose levels lead to osmotic diuresis, where glucose spills into the urine, drawing water with it. This results in increased urine production (polyuria) and consequently increased thirst (polydipsia) as the body attempts to compensate for fluid loss.

Diabetes Mellitus can be further categorized into Type 1, which is typically due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, and Type 2, which involves insulin resistance and subsequent relative insulin deficiency. Both types ultimately lead to similar symptoms such as the excessive thirst and urination seen in this situation.

Other conditions listed, although they can also lead to increased urination, do not primarily stem from high blood glucose levels in the same manner as Diabetes Mellitus. Chronic kidney disease can lead to changes in urine production but is typically associated with a different set of underlying mechanisms and symptoms. Cushing's syndrome involves excess cortisol production, which can affect fluid balance but is not primarily characterized by high blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is a condition of low blood sugar, which would not cause excessive thirst or urination. Thus, Diabetes Mellitus distinctly